Difference Between CCR5 and CXCR4

CXCR4 is the fusogenic receptor that promotes entry of T-tropic HIV-1 strains, while CCR5 allows entry of M-tropic HIV-1 strains (13–20). ... CCR5 appears to be important during early stages of infection, whereas CXCR4-using T-tropic viruses emerge later in the progression to AIDS.

1. What does CXCR4 stand for?
2. What does CXCR4 bind to?
3. What is the function of CCR5?
4. Where is CXCR4 found?
5. Who has the CCR5 gene?
6. What cells express CXCR4?
7. Do macrophages have CXCR4?
8. What is a CCR5 macrophage co receptor?
9. Is CCR5 Delta 32 common?
10. How does CCR5 delta32 work?
11. How do CCR5 antagonists work?

What does CXCR4 stand for?

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.

What does CXCR4 bind to?

A protein on the surface of certain immune system cells, including CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 cells). CXCR4 can act as a coreceptor (a second receptor binding site) for HIV when the virus enters a host cell.

What is the function of CCR5?

Abstract. CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates trafficking and effector functions of memory/effector T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and immature dendritic cells.

Where is CXCR4 found?

The CXCR4 gene is found on chromosome 2.

Who has the CCR5 gene?

Since the CCR5-delta 32 is tied primarily to the Eurasia region, the mutation has not been found in Africans, East Asians, or Amerindians. agoThrough their many invasions, the Vikings spread the allele from Scandanavia to Iceland, Russia, and central and southern Europe.

What cells express CXCR4?

CXCR4 is expressed by most cells, including hematopoietic and endothelial cells (ECs), neurons and stem cells (embryonic and adult). Increased levels of CXCR4 are present in cancer cells compared to the normal cells (2, 3).

Do macrophages have CXCR4?

However, we and several other groups have found that macrophages express CXCR4 and that it can be used for entry by some HIV-1 isolates, even though macrophages are not permissive for prototype T-tropic X4 strains (44, 49, 51).

What is a CCR5 macrophage co receptor?

CCR5 is a chemokine receptor expressed constitutively throughout the immune system and in cells of other tissues. These include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells among others. CCR5 is a member of the 7-transmembrane (G protein–coupled) receptor family Samson et al (1996).

Is CCR5 Delta 32 common?

Geneticists say that the CCR5 delta 32 mutation existed as many as 2,500 years ago, but back then it likely occurred in only 1 in 20,000 Europeans, as compared to 1 in 10 today.

How does CCR5 delta32 work?

CCR5, called a co-receptor because it works with CD4, is the door that opens to allow HIV to enter the cell. Many people who are resistant to HIV have a mutation in the CCR5 gene called CCR5-delta32. The CCR5-delta32 mutation results in a smaller protein that isn't on the outside of the cell anymore.

How do CCR5 antagonists work?

CCR5 co-receptor antagonists prevent HIV-1 from entering and infecting immune cells by blocking CCR5 cell-surface receptor. Small molecule antagonists of CCR5 bind to a hydrophobic pocket formed by the transmembrane helices of the CCR5 receptor.