Difference Between HIF-1 and HIF-2

Although both isoforms may upregulate the expression of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), HIF-1 diminished the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) by inhibition of the Nrf2 transcription factor whereas HIF-2 augmented expression of IL-8 in an Nrf2-independent way but via upregulation of SP-1 ...

1. What is HIF 2a?
2. How does HIF increase performance?
3. What is the HIF pathway?
4. What is the hypoxia response element?
5. What is the benefit of higher myoglobin levels for individuals living at high altitudes?
6. How cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability?
7. How does HIF regulate erythropoiesis?
8. Is EPO a hypoxia responsive gene?
9. Is myoglobin a hemoglobin?
10. What does a low myoglobin serum mean?
11. What is the purpose of myoglobin?

What is HIF 2a?

HIF-2a is also known as endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), HIF-like factor, HIF-related factor or member of PAS superfamily 2 (MOP2). 11–14 While it was initially detected in endothelial cells, HIF-2a is expressed in the parenchyma and interstitial cells of multiple organs.

How does HIF increase performance?

Lower levels of oxygen stabilize the amount of HIF our cells make. In turn, this leads the kidneys to put out a consistently higher level of erythropoietin. That increases the hemoglobin our bone marrow makes, and hence boosts our blood's ability to transport more oxygen to our cells.

What is the HIF pathway?

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an alpha,beta-heterodimeric transcription factor that mediates cellular responses to low oxygen concentration via the transcriptional activation of specific genes involved in both tumorogenesis and angiogenesis. ... This review focuses on the HIF pathway as a therapeutic target.

What is the hypoxia response element?

Hypoxia response element (HRE) sequence is recognized by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which is the main transcription factor recruited in hypoxia. ... Oligonucleotide sequences corresponding to HRE (H) and DTS (S) were inserted into the uP-VEGF plasmid to generate uPS-VEGF, uPH-VEGF and uPHS-VEGF.

What is the benefit of higher myoglobin levels for individuals living at high altitudes?

An individual with higher myoglobin levels would be able to carry and store more oxygen in their muscle tissues than a normal person.

How cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability?

Semenza discovered how cells can sense and adapt to changing oxygen availability. They identified molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen. ... Their discoveries have also paved the way for promising new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.

How does HIF regulate erythropoiesis?

HIF-2 activation (either by hypoxia, pharmacologic means or as a result of mutations) induces renal and hepatic EPO synthesis, which leads to an increase in serum EPO levels and stimulation of erythropoiesis. Iron metabolism is adjusted to match iron demand from increased erythropoiesis.

Is EPO a hypoxia responsive gene?

Erythropoietin (Epo) is produced in the kidney and liver in a hypoxia-inducible manner via the activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) to maintain oxygen homeostasis.

Is myoglobin a hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a heterotetrameric oxygen transport protein found in red blood cells (erythrocytes), whereas myoglobin is a monomeric protein found mainly in muscle tissue where it serves as an intracellular storage site for oxygen.

What does a low myoglobin serum mean?

Lower results may mean you have: Rheumatoid arthritis. Myasthenia gravis. Antibodies to myoglobin in your blood.

What is the purpose of myoglobin?

Myoglobin facilitates oxygen diffusion. Myoglobin desaturates at the onset of muscle activity, which increases oxygen's diffusion gradient from the capillaries to the cytoplasm. Myoglobin has also been shown to have enzymatic functions. It is necessary for the decomposition of bioactive nitric oxide to nitrate.