Differbetween
- What is S9 fraction?
- What is S9 in Ames test?
- What is S9 enzyme?
- What are liver microsomes?
- What is cytochrome P450?
- How does the Ames test work?
- What is the purpose of using liver enzyme s9 extract in the Ames test?
- What is a rough Microsome?
- What are microsomes function?
- Do microsomes have ribosomes?
What is S9 fraction?
The S9 fraction is the product of an organ tissue homogenate used in biological assays. The S9 fraction is most frequently used in assays that measure the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. ... The cytosolic portion contains the major part of the activities of transferases (phase II metabolism).
What is S9 in Ames test?
After centrifugation of liver homogenate at 9000, the supernatant (S9) is used as a metabolizing system in the Ames test. S9 contains microsomes and cytosol and therefore all microsomal and cytosolic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. In contrast, the sediment containing cell membranes and lysosomes is discarded.
What is S9 enzyme?
S9 is a liver extract (e.g. rat, hamster) that contains active liver enzymes (P450 activity) simulating the hepatic metabolism in in vitro assays. ... Metabolic activation systems based on chemically induced S9 have been widely applied in in vitro studies; e.g. the Salmonella mutagenicity test and the micronucleus test.
What are liver microsomes?
Liver microsomes are subcellular fractions which contain membrane bound drug metabolizing enzymes. Microsomes can be used to determine the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a compound. The use of species-specific microsomes can be used to enable an understanding of interspecies differences in drug metabolism.
What is cytochrome P450?
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown.
How does the Ames test work?
The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism. More formally, it is a biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds.
What is the purpose of using liver enzyme s9 extract in the Ames test?
Why are liver extracts used in the Ames test? Liver enzymes may activate some innocuous compounds, making them mutagenic. Some compounds are innocuous until they are activated metabolically by liver enzymes. Which bacteria grow on the agar plate if the Ames test is positive?
What is a rough Microsome?
When eukaryotic cells are homogenized, the rough endoplasmic reticula are converted into small vesicles, called rough microsomes. Strategies for the isolation of rough microsomes are introduced here, as are methods for evaluating the purity and intactness of an isolated rough microsomal fraction.
What are microsomes function?
Researchers use microsomes to mimic the activity of the endoplasmic reticulum in a test tube and conduct experiments that require protein synthesis on a membrane; they provide a way for scientists to figure out how proteins are being made on the ER in a cell by reconstituting the process in a test tube.
Do microsomes have ribosomes?
Microsomes (here) and ER look similar, and both have ribosomes (see dots near “ob2”). ...
